An introduction to Minsk Agreement.

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The Minsk agreement was a series of international agreements, all about to bring an end the Donbas war fought between armed Russian separatist groups and Armed Forces of Ukraine. The agreement was divided into two phases, the Minsk Protocol 1 and Minsk Protocol 2.  Minsk Protocol 1 was drafted in 2014 trilateral format consisting Ukraine, Russia, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), with mediation of France and Germany. The agreement was signed in Minsk, the capital of Belarus, on 5th September 2014 by representatives of the above trilateral group.


Protocols of Minsk 1.


  1. To ensure an immediate bilateral ceasefire between Russia and Ukraine.


  1. To ensure the monitoring and verification of the ceasefire by the OSCE.


  1. Decentralisation of power, through the adoption of the Ukrainian law "On temporary Order of Local Self-Governance in Particular Districts of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts".


  1. To ensure the permanent monitoring of the Ukrainian-Russian border and verification by the OSCE with the creation of security zones in the border regions of Ukraine and the Russian Federation.


  1. Immediate release of all hostages and illegally detained persons.


  1. A law preventing the prosecution and punishment of people in connection with the events that have taken place in some areas of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts.


  1. To continue the inclusive national dialogue.


  1. To take measures to improve the humanitarian situation in Donbas.


  1. To ensure early local elections in accordance with the Ukrainian law "On temporary Order of Local Self-Governance in Particular Districts of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts".


  1. To withdraw illegal armed groups and mercenaries from the territory of Ukraine.


  1. To adopt a programme of economic recovery and reconstruction for the Donbas region.


  1. To provide personal security for participants in the consultations.


The agreement failed to stop fighting and resulted a revised and updated agreement, which was called Minsk 2, which was signed on 12th February 2015. This agreement consisted of more  measures of ceasefire, withdrawal of heavy weapons from the front lines.


Protocols of Minsk 2.


  1. Immediate and full ceasefire in Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine from 00:00 midnight EET (Eastern European Time) on 15th February 2015.


  1. Pull-out of all heavy weapons by both sides to equal distance with the aim of creation of a security zone.


  1. Effective monitoring and verification of ceasefire process and pullout of heavy weapons by OSCE.


  1. Arrangements of conducting local elections in accordance with the Ukrainian legislation and the Law of Ukrainen on Local Self-Governance in Particular Districts of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts.


  1. Forbid the persecution and punishment of persons in relation to events that took place in particular districts of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts of Ukraine.


  1. Provide release and exchange of all hostages and illegally held persons.


  1. Provide safe access, delivery, storage and distribution of humanitarian aid to the needies, based on an international mechanism.


  1. Define the modalities of a full restoration of social and economic activities and banking system in the districts affected by the conflict.


  1. Restore control of the state border to the Ukrainian government in the whole conflict zone in particular districts of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts based on the law of Ukraine and Constitutional reform.


  1. Removal of all foreign armed formations, military equipments, and also mercenaries from the territory of Ukraine under OSCE supervision.


  1. Constitutional reform in Ukraine to approve special status of particular districts of Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts by the end of 2015.


As the escalation of tensions between Russia and Ukraine started to intensify in early 2022, Russia officially recognised the DPR and LPR on 21th February 2022. On  24th February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine resulting the end of the Minsk agreement.


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