The Rise Of Extreme Nationalism In The 21st century

Nationalism is a political, social, and cultural ideology that emphasizes the loyalty, devotion, and pride of individuals towards their nation. In simple words it reflects oneness and often involves a strong sense of national identity, unity, and solidarity among the people who share common historical, cultural, linguistic, or ethnic ties. Nationalism has various forms, ranging from civic nationalism, which emphasizes shared values and principles, to ethnic nationalism, which emphasizes shared ancestry and ethnicity.

History of Extreme Nationalism:

Extreme nationalism, also known as ultranationalism refers to an exaggerated, radical, or extreme form of nationalism characterized by aggressive and exclusionary attitudes towards outsiders, intolerance of diversity, and a belief in the superiority of one's own nation over others. The Extreme nationalism reflects the xenophobia, racism, and authoritarianism, and can lead to conflict, oppression, and violence.

The history of extreme nationalism dates back centuries, but it gained prominence in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, particularly in Europe, during a period of intense nationalism and imperialism. Examples include the rise of nationalist movements in Germany, Italy, and other European countries seeking to unify fragmented states and assert their dominance on the world stage. The consequences of extreme nationalism were especially evident during World War I and World War II, when aggressive nationalist ideologies fueled conflicts that resulted in devastating human losses with  destruction, and suffering on a global scale. The rise of fascist regimes in Italy, Germany, and Japan during the interwar period amplified the extreme forms of extreme nationalism.

In the 21st century, extreme nationalism has resurfaced in various countries around the world, driven by factors such as globalization, immigration, economic insecurities, and the  political polarization. Examples include the rise of nationalist movements and populist leaders in Europe, Asia, and the Americas, who exploit nationalist sentiments to consolidate power, undermine democratic institutions, and promote exclusionary policies

The rise of extreme nationalism in the 21st century can be attributed to a combination of socio-political, economic, and cultural factors. Some of the key causes include:

Globalization and Economic Insecurities:

The economic globalization has led to increased competition creating job insecurity, and income inequality in many countries. The economic insecurities and perceived threats to jobs and livelihoods have fueled nationalist sentiments, with some individuals blaming immigrants, from the foreign competition, and multinational corporations for their economic woes.

Immigration and Cultural Anxieties: 

Mass migration and demographic changes have led to fears of cultural dilution and loss of national identity in some societies. Concerns about immigration, cultural integration, and multiculturalism have been exploited by the  nationalist leaders to rally the support for exclusionary policies and promote their own  ethnocentric ideologies.

Terrorism and Security Threats: 

Heightened security threats, including terrorism and geopolitical tensions, have led to the fears of external threats and the erosion of national security. Nationalist narratives of defending the nation against external enemies have been used to justify authoritarian measures and militaristic responses, particularly in countries facing the security challenges.

Social Media and Digital Communication:

The rise of social media and digital communication platforms has facilitated the spread of the nationalist propaganda, misinformation, and conspiracy theories. Online echo chambers and algorithmic biases have reinforced extreme attitudes in the national characteristic and polarized societies, amplifying extreme nationalist sentiments.

Historical Narratives and Identity Politics: 

The collective memories of past conflicts, and identity politics have played a significant role in shaping nationalist narratives. Nationalist leaders often appeal to historical myths, symbols, and traumas to foster a sense of national identity, pride, and victimhood, reinforcing nationalist ideologies and promoting a the  sense of us-versus-them.

The rise of extreme nationalism has already been rooted in various countries across the globe, each with its own unique context and factors contributing to the phenomenon. Let's discuss it.  

The Rise of Extreme Nationalism in the United States

In the 21st century, the United States has witnessed a resurgence of extreme nationalism, driven by a confluence of socio-economic, political, and cultural factors. Globalization has brought about economic uncertainty, with job displacement and industry shifts contributing to feelings of insecurity among certain segments of the population. This economic anxiety has been exploited by nationalist movements, which often scapegoat immigrants and international trade agreements for domestic woes. Additionally, events such as the 9/11 attacks have heightened fears about national security, leading to a rallying cry for stricter immigration policies and increased militarization. The proliferation of social media platforms has further fueled nationalist sentiments by influencing individuals  to reinforce their beliefs, exacerbating political polarization and amplifyin demographic changes, including increasing racial and ethnic diversity. 

The role of Donald Trump in the resurgence of extreme nationalism in the USA during the 21st century cannot be overstated. As a populist leader, Trump capitalized on  the widespread economic grievances and cultural anxieties to fuel his political ascent. Throughout his presidency, Trump employed divisive rhetoric, often demonizing immigrants and ethnic minorities, while advocating for policies such as stricter immigration controls and trade protectionism, which resonated strongly with nationalist sentiments. His "America First" agenda emphasized an isolationist approach to foreign affairs and prioritized the interests of the American people over international alliances and cooperation. Trump's polarizing leadership style further deepened political divisions within the country, exacerbating the climate of extreme nationalism and intolerance.

The Rise of Extreme Nationalism in the United Kingdom

In the UK, the rise of extreme nationalism manifests through various socio-political channels, reflecting a growing trend towards intensified patriotism. This phenomenon has been particularly evident in the aftermath of the Brexit referendum, where heightened discussions surrounding immigration, sovereignty, and national identity have provided fertile ground for the extremist narratives to proliferate. 

The Rise of Extreme Nationalism in Russia

In the 21st century, Russia has experienced a resurgence of extreme nationalism, marked by a extreme emphasis on national identity, pride, and assertiveness on the global stage. This phenomenon has been shaped by various socio-political factors, including historical narratives, geopolitical ambitions, and the perceptions of external threats. One significant factor contributing to the rise of extreme nationalism in Russia has been the aftermath of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The dissolution of the USSR led to a period of economic turmoil, political instability, and a loss of geopolitical influence. In response, there was a growing sense of nostalgia for Russia's imperial past and a desire to reclaim its status as a great power. Nationalist narratives emerged, emphasizing the need to restore Russia's strength, sovereignty, and territorial integrity.

The presidency of Vladimir Putin has played a central role in shaping Russia's nationalist resurgence. Putin's leadership has been characterized by a strongman image by  promoting a vision of Russia as a fortress under siege from external adversaries. Nationalist rhetoric has been employed to rally support for Putin's government, portraying him as a defender of Russian interests against perceived Western encroachment and internal dissent.

Geopolitical developments, such as the conflict in Ukraine and NATO expansion, and the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine have further fueled nationalist sentiments in Russia. The annexation of Crimea in 2014, and the recent achievements in the Ukraine war widely celebrated as a triumph of Russian strength and assertiveness and nationalist pride and cemented Putin's popularity domestically. The ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine, framed by Russian state media as a struggle against fascism and Western imperialism, has reinforced nationalist narratives of defending Russian-speaking populations and protecting Russia's sphere of influence.  Putin's leadership, combined with narratives of defending Russian interests against external threats, has fostered a climate of extreme nationalist pride and assertiveness among the people of Russia.

The Rise of Extreme Nationalism in India

In the 21st century, India has witnessed a notable resurgence of extreme nationalism fueled by the  manifested patriotism, ethnocentrism, and a strong emphasis on Hindu identity. This phenomenon has been fueled by various socio-political factors, including religious tensions, economic disparities, and political polarization.

One significant factor contributing to the rise of the extreme nationalism in India has been the growing influence of Hindutva ideology of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its affiliated organizations, such as the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) . The BJP's electoral successes, particularly in the 2014 and 2019 general elections, have provided a platform for the promotion of Hindutva ideology and the implementation of nationalist policies. Religious tensions, particularly between Hindus and Muslims, have also fueled the rise of extreme nationalism in India. Incidents of communal violence and religious polarization have heightened anxieties among certain segments of the population, leading to the marginalization of religious minorities. Despite of rapid economic growth in recent decades, India continues to grapple with poverty, inequality, and unemployment. Nationalist leaders have capitalized on these grievances, promising to prioritize the interests of the majority Hindu population and promote economic nationalism through initiatives such as "Make in India" and "Atmanirbhar Bharat" (self-reliant India).

The rise of social media and digital communication platforms has played a significant role in amplifying extreme nationalism in India. Social media channels have been used to disseminate the nationalist propaganda, spread hate speech, and mobilize support for nationalist causes. 

The rise of the extreme nationalism in Iran 

In the 21st century, Iran has experienced a notable rise in extreme nationalism. Iran has a rich history and cultural heritage dating back thousands of years, rooted in its ancient Persian civilization. TThroughoutthe history, Persian nationalism has been a significant force, celebrating Iran's cultural achievements, language, and traditions. 

Iran's geopolitical position in the Middle East has contributed to the rise of extreme nationalism. The region has been characterized by instability, conflict, and interventions by external powers, particularly the United States. Perceived foreign interference in Iran's internal affairs, including economic sanctions, military interventions, and support for opposition groups, has fueled nationalist sentiments. Domestically, the Iranian government has utilized the concept of nationalism as a tool for regime legitimacy and mobilization of public support. The Islamic Revolution of 1979, which overthrew the monarchy and established an Islamic republic, was in part fueled by nationalist aspirations for independence from Western influence. 

The economic challenges, and international economic sanctions, have also played a role in fostering extreme nationalism in iran. Sanctions imposed on Iran, particularly those targeting its oil exports and financial sector, have had a significant impact on the country's economy, leading to inflation, unemployment, and a decline in living standards for many Iranians. In response, the government has sought to rally public support by emphasizing the need for resilience and self-sufficiency in the face of external pressures, invoking nationalist sentiments of unity and defiance.

The Rise of Extreme Nationalism in Hungary

In the 21st century, Hungary has experienced a significant resurgence of extreme nationalism, marked by so called patriotism, ethnocentrism, and created a strong emphasis on Hungarian identity. This phenomenon has been driven by various socio-political factors, including economic insecurities, immigration concerns, and the rise of populist leaders. One significant the factor contributing to the rise of extreme nationalism in Hungary has been the economic hardships faced by the country following the global financial crisis of 2008. Widespread unemployment, stagnant wages, and austerity measures left many Hungarians disillusioned with the political establishment and searching for alternative solutions. Nationalist leaders capitalized on these economic grievances, promising to prioritize the interests of the Hungarian people and restore the country's economic prosperity. Immigration has also played a central role in fueling nationalist sentiments in Hungary. The refugee crisis in Europe, beginning in 2015, heightened fears of cultural dilution and security threats among certain segments of the Hungarian population. 

The erosion of democratic institutions and the concentration of power in the hands of the  Orbán's ruling Fidesz party have facilitated the rise of extreme nationalism in Hungary. Orbán's government has implemented measures to undermine the independence of the judiciary, restrict freedom of the press, and suppress dissenting voices. Modified Nationalist .manifestations have been used to justify these authoritarian actions, framing them as necessary to protect Hungary's sovereignty and traditional values from external interference. The demonization of political opponents, civil society organizations, and minority groups has also contributed to the rise of extreme nationalism in Hungary. 

The Rise of Extreme Nationalism in Brazil

In the 21st century, Brazil has experienced a significant resurgence of extreme nationalism, characterized by the  manifested patriotism, ethnocentrism, and a strong emphasis on Brazilian identity. This phenomenon has been driven by various socio-political factors, including economic disparities, corruption scandals, and the rise of populist leaders.

One significant factor contributing to the rise of extreme nationalism in Brazil has been widespread dissatisfaction with the political establishment and a desire for change. Tje corruption and  scandals involving high-ranking politicians and business leaders tarnished the reputation of traditional political parties and eroded public trust in democratic institutions. Nationalist leaders capitalized on this disillusionment, promising to "clean up" politics and restore integrity to government.

The economic disparities and social inequalities have also fueled nationalist sentiments in Brazil. Despite being one of the world's largest economies, Brazil continues to grapple with poverty, crime, and inadequate public services. Nationalist leaders have exploited these socio-economic grievances, blaming foreign interests, immigrants, and minority groups for Brazil's problems. This scapegoating rhetoric has resonated with many Brazilians who feel marginalized and excluded from the country's development.

The rise of social media and digital communication platforms has also played a significant role in amplifying extreme nationalism in Brazil.  Jair Bolsonaro as President of Brazil in 2018 optomized the level of extreme nationalism in the country. Bolsonaro's campaign of "Make Brazil Great Again" made a base economic nationalism.

The Rise of Extreme Nationalism in Turkey

In the 21st century, one significant factor contributing to the rise of the  extreme nationalism in Turkey has been the government's efforts to promote a revisionist interpretation of Turkish history and identity. President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan's ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) has sought to revive a sense of Ottoman-era glory and promote Turkish nationalism as a unifying force. Nationalist manifestaion often emphasizes Turkey's historical achievements, portrays the Turkish nation as a victim of external forces, and promotes a narrative of unity against perceived enemies.

The geopolitical tensions and security threats have also fueled nationalist sentiments in Turkey. The conflicts in neighboring countries, such as Syria and Iraq, have led to concerns about border security, terrorism, and the increased  of refugees crisis. The Turkish government has used these security challenges to justify military interventions and assertive foreign policies, portraying itself as a defender of Turkish interests and national security.

The economic challenges and social tensions have also contributed to the rise of extreme nationalism in Turkey. Despite periods of economic growth, Turkey continues to face high levels of unemployment, inflation, and inequality. Nationalist leaders have exploited these economic grievances, blaming external forces and foreign powers for Turkey's economic woes. Additionally, the erosion of democratic institutions and the crackdown on dissent have facilitated the rise of extreme nationalism in Turkey. The government's suppression of opposition parties, independent media, and civil society organizations has created a climate of fear and intimidation. Nationalist narratives of defending the nation against internal and external threats have been used to justify authoritarian measures and suppress dissenting voices.

The Rise of Extreme Nationalism in the Philippines

One significant factor contributing to the rise of extreme nationalism in the Philippines has been the government's efforts to promote a narrative of Filipino exceptionalism and historical revisionism. President Rodrigo Duterte's administration has sought to cultivate a sense of national pride and unity by emphasizing the country's sovereignty and independence from the colonial rule. Nationalist rhetoric often glorifies Filipino heritage, portrays the nation as a victim of external interference, and promotes a narrative of resilience and defiance against perceived enemies. Geopolitical tensions and territorial disputes have also fueled nationalist sentiments in the Philippines. The country's maritime disputes with China over the South China Sea have led to concerns about national security, sovereignty, and territorial integrity. The Duterte government has used these disputes to rally support for its assertive foreign policy stance and portray itself as a defender of Philippine interests and maritime rights. Furthermore, economic disparities and social inequalities have contributed to the rise of extreme nationalism in the Philippines. Despite sustained economic growth in recent years, poverty, unemployment, and income inequality remain widespread. Nationalist leaders have exploited these economic grievances, blaming external forces and foreign powers for the country's economic challenges. 

The Rise of Extreme Nationalism in Italy

One significant factor contributing to the rise of extreme nationalism in Italy in the 21st century has been the  economic instability and stagnation. The global financial crisis of 2008 hit Italy hard, exacerbating long-standing economic issues such as high unemployment, low growth, and public debt. In this context, nationalist narratives emerged, blaming globalization, the European Union, and foreign competition for Italy's economic woes. The nationalist leaders capitalized on these grievances, promising to prioritize the interests of Italians and restore the country's economic prosperity. Immigration has also played a central role in fueling nationalist sentiments in Italy. The influx of migrants and refugees, particularly from North Africa and the Middle East, has led to concerns about cultural integration, security, and social cohesion. Nationalist often portrays immigrants as threats to Italian identity and national security, leading to calls for stricter border controls, deportation of undocumented migrants, and anti-immigrant policies.

The rise of social media and digital communication platforms has also played a significant role in amplifying extreme nationalism in Italy.  The Social media channels have been used to disseminate nationalist propaganda, spread conspiracy theories, and mobilize support for nationalist causes. 

The Rise of Extreme Nationalism in Poland

One significant factor contributing to the rise of extreme nationalism in Poland has been the country's historical experience of foreign occupation and subjugation. Poland has a long history of struggles for independence and sovereignty, including periods of partition and occupation by neighboring powers.  The nationalist narratives often emphasize Poland's resilience, heroism, and sacrifices in defense of its sovereignty and national identity.

The economic disparities and social inequalities have also fueled nationalist sentiments in Poland. Despite significant economic growth and development since joining the European Union in 2004, Poland continues to grapple with poverty, unemployment, and regional disparities. Nationalist leaders have exploited these economic grievances, blaming globalization, liberal elites, and foreign influences for Poland's economic challenges. 

The issue of immigration has also played a central role in fueling nationalist sentiments in Poland. While Poland has not experienced large-scale immigration compared to some other European countries (significantly from Ukraine during the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine), nationalist leaders have capitalized on fears of cultural dilution and security threats. They have portrayed immigrants and refugees as outsiders who pose a threat to Polish identity, culture, and national security. 

The rise of extreme nationalism of 21st century as a concern to the world peace.

The rise of extreme nationalism in the 21st century poses a significant concern to the  world peace due to its potential to fuel conflicts between nations, undermine international cooperation, and promote xenophobia and discrimination. It can lead to the erosion of diplomatic relations, trade wars, and even military confrontations, ultimately destabilizing global security. 

Erosion of International Cooperation:

Extreme nationalism undermines the spirit of international cooperations and collaborations, which is crucial for addressing global challenges. By prioritizing unilateral actions and nationalist agendas, countries may neglect collective efforts to tackle pressing issues such as climate change, poverty, and pandemics. This erosion of international cooperation weakens the effectiveness of global governance mechanisms and impedes progress towards shared goals.

Threat to Peace and Security:

Extreme nationalism heightens the risk of conflict and instability on the global stage. Extreme Nationalist often escalates tensions between the  nations, leading to diplomatic standoffs, regional conflicts, and even the threat of war. In an interconnected world, the resurgence of aggressive nationalism can trigger cascading effects, destabilizing entire regions and undermining efforts to maintain peace and security.

Damage to Diplomatic Relations: 

Extreme nationalism strains the diplomatic relations between countries, leading to heightened mistrust, hostility, and diplomatic rifts. Nationalist leaders may adopt confrontational rhetoric, engage in saber-rattling, and pursue nationalist agendas at the expense of diplomatic engagement and compromise. This damage to diplomatic relations hampers efforts to resolve conflicts peacefully and maintain stable international relations.

Global Economic Instability:

Extreme nationalism disrupts the global economic stability by undermining trade relations, investment flows, and economic integration. Protectionist policies, trade barriers, and nationalist economic agendas disrupt supply chains, reduce market access, and hinder economic growth. This volatility in the global economy creates uncertainty for businesses, investors, and consumers, exacerbating economic inequalities and hindering global development.

The extreme nationalism of 21st century poses a significant threat to the global peace and stability. History has shown that the rise of extreme nationalism had lead to many conflicts, two world wars, division, and suffering on a global scale. In an interconnected world where cooperation and understanding are essential, fostering a sense of shared humanity and promoting dialogue among nations is the only way. By recognizing the importance of diversity, cooperation, and mutual respect, we can work towards a future where concept of nationalism can be widden enough to ensure global peace, justice, and prosperity for all.